MAPK3 and colonic neoplasm: Furthermore, secondary BAs activate β-catenin cell-signaling, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling via activator protein 1 (AP1) and c-Myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) target pathways, stimulating colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness [56,57,58].