Since patient-derived DNT cells induced a similar level of cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells as those from healthy donors (Fig. 1f), and DNT cells expanded from healthy donors possess features allowing them to be used as an “off-the-shelf” ACT [32], we utilized healthy donor DNT cells to understand the role of PD-1 expression on DNT cells. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is lung carcinoma.