TNF and lung carcinoma: While our attempts to directly measure tumor infiltrating DNT cell cytotoxicity against lung cancer failed due to the limited number of DNT cells available for expansion, indirect evidence from DNT cells expanded amongst total TILs from pancreatic and glioma patient tumors showed intracellular IFNγ and TNFα expression upon stimulation by autologous tumor [40, 41], suggesting that tumor infiltrating DNT cells are likely to be cytotoxic.