TNF and infection: Amongst cytokines, the genes for Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Cxcl13, Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf, Tnfsf10, IFN-γ, Ccl2, Ccl4, Ccl7, Ccl17, and Mif were highly up-regulated (ranging from 2- to 405-fold, p ≤ 0.05), whereas Cxcl12 and Cxcl14 were down-regulated during in vivo infection (Table 1 and Table S3).