HAMP and anemia (phenotype): On the other hand, engagement in AHC may increase exposure to several anemia-inducing pathogens, including: a) Plasmodium species (12) which destroy erythrocytes, suppress erythrocyte production, and induce hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration, manifesting as malaria (13); b) soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma species (5, 14) which cause blood loss (15, 16); and c) enteropathogenic bacteria (17, 18), hypothesized contributors to inflammatory signals that induce iron sequestration, reduce iron absorption, and reduce erythropoiesis (19) (Figure 1).