Interestingly, an increase in atherosclerosis associated with the deficiency of LTβR was observed in chow fed Apoe−/− mice, particularly in the descending and abdominal aorta of aged mice41.Thus, it appears that the effects of global LTβR deficiency on atherosclerosis phenotype in Ldlr−/− and Apoe−/− models differ from each other in complex ways. This evidence concerns the gene APOE and atherosclerosis.