TNF and cancer: Based on the aforementioned results, an integrated “GPL pathway” was constructed by integrating the key pathways, which included the pathways involved in cancer (hsa05200), the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (hsa04151), the MAPK signaling pathway (hsa04010), the Ras signaling pathway (hsa04014), the FoxO signaling pathway (hsa04068), the HIF-1 signaling pathway (hsa04066), the TNF signaling pathway (hsa04668), the p53 signaling pathway (hsa04115), and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway (hsa04064).