Antagonists or antibodies to CSF1R have been developed and tested in various preclinical models (e.g., cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and glioblastoma) in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and checkpoint inhibitors whereby they depleted immunosuppressive macrophages and increased the CD8/CD4 ratio in the tumors [92]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and glioblastoma.