In fact, somatic mutations activating the mTOR pathway have been shown to cause a continuum of cortical dysplasias; ultra-deep sequencing on DNA extracted from surgically resected brain, blood, and/or buccal samples from patients with several (mostly focal or asymmetric) cortical malformations led to the identification of somatic activating mutations in several mTOR genes, including AKT3 (Lee et al., 2012; Poduri et al., 2012; Alcantara et al., 2017; D'Gama et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and cerebral cortical dysplasia.