TGFB1 and brain neoplasm: For brain tumor treatment, EVs have been tested to convey specific molecules such as small interference RNAs for TGF beta 1 and VEGF (Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017), pro-apoptotic peptides (Ye et al., 2018), and chemotherapeutic drugs (Tang et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015).