NGF and Alzheimer disease: NGF increases acetylcholine (Ach) synthesis and release (Hatanaka et al., 1988; Takei et al., 1989; Lapchak and Hefti, 1991; Rylett et al., 1993; Pongrac and Rylett, 1996; Oosawa et al., 1999; Auld et al., 2001a,b) as well as activity and expression of cholinergic markers including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; Williams and Rylett, 1990; Lorenzi et al., 1992; Koliatsos et al., 1994; Pongrac and Rylett, 1996) and vesicular Ach transporter (VAChT; Takei et al., 1997; Oosawa et al., 1999), which are decreased in AD (Bartus et al., 1982).