Activation of human cardiac MAP4K4 was prevalent in chronic heart failure from diverse etiologies, associated with active (cleaved) caspase-3, a mediator of apoptosis (Figure S1A), and activation of the MAP3K intermediary, TAK1 (Figure S1B), which itself can drive cardiac cell death (Zhang et al., 2000). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is congestive heart failure.