Activation of human cardiac MAP4K4 was prevalent in chronic heart failure from diverse etiologies, associated with active (cleaved) caspase-3, a mediator of apoptosis (Figure S1A), and activation of the MAP3K intermediary, TAK1 (Figure S1B), which itself can drive cardiac cell death (Zhang et al., 2000). This evidence concerns the gene MAP4K4 and congestive heart failure.