JUN and cholangiocarcinoma: As shown by the increasing expression of phosphorylated and total JNK and its downstream proteins such as p-c jun, Bim, and p-Bad in western blotting analysis exposed at 24, 48, and 72 h after the addition of Tivantinib, activation of the JNK/c-jun pathway contributed to the synergistic induction of apoptosis by Tivantinib in CC cells (Fig. 4a, b).