Apart from insulin- and EGF-signalling systems, host-parasite interactions in larval cestode infections might also involve the family of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-family of cytokines since host TGF-β has very recently been shown to stimulate larval growth of the cestode Taenia crassiceps in vitro and was found to interact with parasite TGF-β receptors [49]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Cestode infectious disease.