Although higher in subjects with lower BMD, no statistically significant differences were detected between IL-33 levels in postmenopausal women with mild osteoporosis (3.16 ± 2.14 pg/ml) compared to those affected by more severe osteoporosis (8.35 ± 7.5 pg/ml), as well as between controls and patients with severe osteoporosis, whereas postmenopausal osteoporotic women exhibiting higher BMD showed significantly lower IL-33 levels compared to controls (P = 0.005) (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is IL33; the disease is osteoporosis.