Remodeling was also demonstrated in the nasal mucosa of patients with mild and severe intensity persistent allergic rhinitis, although with relatively intact epithelium, characterized by intense collagen deposition in the superficial and submucosal layers, in addition to significant basement membrane thickening, which could reflect the high levels of TGF-β and its pro-fibrotic effect.44 Here, TGFB1 is linked to allergic rhinitis.