AKT1 and glioma: PTEN, is commonly mutated in gliomas, and positively regulates autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, although PTEN and NF1 co-mutation determines an autophagy suppression through the hyperactivation of the PI3K/Akt signalling [118].Furthermore, the oncosuppressor p53, frequently mutated in gliomas, may have a dual role in autophagy regulation, as the nuclear protein is able to promote autophagy through the transcriptionally regulation of autophagy-related genes, whereas cytoplasmic p53 suppresses autophagy [119].