HIF1A and cancer: As described above, accumulation of lactate could stabilize HIF1A and also benefit cancer cells by being involved in cell migration, invasion, immune escape, and radioresistance of cancer cells.41 Both lactate and pyruvate could be substrates for the mitochondrial TCA cycle in cancer cells.67, 68, 88 In addition to genes related to the glycolysis pathway, HIF1A regulates many critical genes involved in tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies.