TNF and infection: Regarding the anti-TNF strategy, compared with most non-selective anti-TNF biologics, we used a novel class of dominant-negative TNF biologic, XENP1595, which has been proved to attenuate experimental arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and Parkinson disease in animal models, without suppressing the innate immunity to infection (McCoy et al., 2006; Zalevsky et al., 2007; Brambilla et al., 2011).