AMPD1 and heart failure: In heart failure patients, genetic AMPD1 deficient subjects exhibited decreased systolic blood pressure (de Groote et al., 2006; Safranow et al., 2009; Tousoulis et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2017), an increase in cardiac output (left ventricular ejection fraction) (Gastmann et al., 2004; Collins et al., 2006; Safranow et al., 2009; Feng et al., 2017), and improved heart failure prognosis (Loh et al., 1999; Gastmann et al., 2004).