Furthermore, TDP-43 proteinopathy has also been detected in the Parkinson's disease patients and also in the transgenic mice Parkinson's disease models, and the toxicity of α-synuclein to the dopaminergic neurons was found to be instigated by the concomitant over-expression of TDP-43 (Arai et al., 2009; Tian et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.