Specifically, studies have reported that alterations in serum lipid levels and lipoprotein profiles, as well as levels of certain amino acids and inflammation biomarkers (e.g., triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, α1-acid-glycoprotein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) have been associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic syndrome4–6. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.