In the rural survey, IgE and IgG responses to the β2Xyl modified Man3GlcNAc2 core (G34) were significantly higher among Sm infected (KK and/or PCR, and CCA positive), compared to uninfected individuals, and were positively associated with Sm infection intensity (KK) [Fig. 2a–f] and SWA- and SEA-specific IgE and IgG (Supplementary Table S1). Here, IGHE is linked to infection.