Because both the activation of the NF-κB pathway and lysosomal/autophagy were reported in HTLV-1-infected cells, we determined the expression of the autophagy-regulatory genes Beclin 1 (the mammalian orthologue of yeast Atg6) and LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3) as targets of NF-κB activation27, as well as the levels of autophagy activation in ATLL-related cell lines and leukemia cells from ATLL patients. Here, MAP1LC3B is linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.