One of the activation mechanisms of the canonical NF-κB pathway in the advanced stages of ATLL is derived from the accumulated activating mutations in the NF-κB pathways11 and others from the inactivation of negative regulators of the canonical NF-κB pathway, A20, CYLD, and p476,15,25. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.