Beclin 1 was clearly increased in the leukemia cells from ATLL patients (Fig. 6C), and the levels of LC3-II processing (autophagic flux) were also increased in all the HTLV-1-infected and ATLL-derived cell lines (Fig. 4B) and leukemia cells from ATLL patients (Fig. 4D), although the LC3B mRNA levels were maintained compared with those in CD4+ T lymphocytes (Fig. S5). This evidence concerns the gene BECN1 and leukemia.