Representing the first mTOR inhibitor approved for clinical applications, rapamycin (sirolimus) was revealed to suppress activation of immune cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-β release, thus conferring the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and pulmonary fibrosis in animal models [2,50]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.