Furthermore, α-TGFβ or α-PD-1 monotherapy elevated the percentage of CD8+ T cells that express markers of late T cell differentiation and partial T cell exhaustion, ICOS and CTLA4 (Fig. 4d, Additional file 3: Figure S4), that have also been associated with active anti-tumor responses in human tumors [34]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.