As early as 2 h following ip injection of α-TGFβ antibodies (Fig. 6 f), pSmad3 staining was downregulated in the periphery but not within the core of the tumor parenchyma relative to that observed in IgG or α-PD-1-treated tumors (Fig. 6a-f). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.