Antibody titres to the CSP pre-erythrocytic antigen were on average low in naturally exposed children and not significantly different from malaria-naive donors (Figure 2A, P=0.11; non-parametric tests were used for all comparisons), while LSA-1 antibody levels were significantly higher in malaria-exposed children compared to malaria-naive donors (Figure 2B, P=0.006). Here, DNAJC5 is linked to malaria.