Serum of SJIA patients induces the transcription of genes of the innate immune system including IL-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and activated monocytes from patients with SJIA secrete significantly higher amounts of IL-1β in comparison with monocytes of healthy controls (93) The predominant role of the innate immune system is furthermore underscored by very high S100A8/S100A9 and S100A12 serum levels (75, 76). The gene discussed is S100A9; the disease is systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.