TLR4 and Miyoshi myopathy: These findings suggested that activation of IRE1a acted in synergy with TLR activation for cytokine production, indicating a possible link of TLR4 signaling and of the UPR pathway in cell survival and proliferation; it is expected that this effect is likely maximized in cells (e.g. MM cells) that are highly dependent for their survival on the effective action of the UPR pathway.