Protocatechuic acid, a major anthocyanin metabolite, has shown apoptotic effects in prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells through enhanced DNA fragmentation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated caspase-3 activity, suppressed VEGF activity, and lowered levels of pro-inflammatory agents (IL-6, IL-8) [43]. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and prostate carcinoma.