CSF1R and neoplasm: Moreover, the strategies that exist for converting TAMs to antitumor macrophages including CSF-1R agonists, CD40 antagonists toll-like receptor (TLR) inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-g (PI3Kg) inhibition, and Class-IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition, have been shown to result in macrophage-mediated reduction in primary tumor burden and distant metastasis [148].