INS and diabetic encephalopathy: Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rb1 not only has the effects of lowering glucose, increasing insulin sensitivity, and regulating lipid metabolism (Figure 2), but it also alleviates the occurrence of T2DM-related complications (Figure 3), including the progressive β-cell function decline, HG-induced kidney damage, HG-induced nerve damage or diabetic encephalopathy, and diabetic cardiovascular complications, as shown in Figure 3.