AKT1 and diabetes mellitus: Protopanaxadiol and its main representative ingredient, ginsenoside Rb1, prevented the HG-induced increase in fibronectin expression in mesangial cells cultivated under diabetic conditions and this effect was associated with regulating the p44/42, p38, JNK/SAPK of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways, and Akt phosphorylation levels [60], indicating that Rb1 may be used as a remedy for DN, a major complication of diabetes mellitus.