INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition, ginsenoside Rb1 not only lowers glucose, increases insulin sensitivity, and regulates lipid metabolism (Figure 2), but also alleviates the occurrence of T2DM-related complications (Figure 3), including the progressive decline in β-cell function, HG-induced kidney damage or DN, HG-induced nerve damage or diabetic encephalopathy, and diabetic cardiovascular complications, as shown in Figure 3.