The median serum VEGF-D level was 1568 pg/ml (range, 294–10,536 pg/ml) in S-LAM patients, 4485 pg/ml (range, 992–9765 pg/ml) in TSC-LAM patients, 399 pg/ml (range, 197–575 pg/ml) in patients with other lung diseases, and 392 pg/ml (range, 225–759 pg/ml) in healthy volunteers. Here, VEGFD is linked to tuberous sclerosis.