Clear responses against at least 1 of the 2 S100-β peptides could be detected (Fig. 2B), and these responses were significantly more frequent among T1D patients than HDs for both S100-β peptide epitopes [S10010–18: 64.7% T1D (11/17) vs. 11.1% HD (2/18). The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.