In iAMP21-ALL, co-operating abnormalities, such as loss of SH2B3 function, might therefore promote leukaemia by fine-tuning a mixture of oncogenic and tumour suppressor signals orchestrated by amplified DYRK1A. Like DYRK1A, GSK-3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase implicated in diverse signalling pathways and both tumour promoting and tumour suppressor roles (reviewed in [55]). This evidence concerns the gene DYRK1A and neoplasm.