Further analysis revealed alteration in SOD (Fig. 12A) and Catalase activities (Fig. 12B), astrocytosis (Fig. 13), increase in NOS-active neurons (Fig. 14), and mitochondrial dysfunctions (Figs 9, 10 and 11) in the cortex; and altered SOD (Fig. 12A) and Catalase (Fig. 12B) activities, and astrocytosis (Fig. 13) in the hippocampus of the brain of CKD mice. The gene discussed is NOS1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.