CARD10 and viral infectious disease: Interestingly, following influenza virus or vesicular stomatitis virus infection, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the lung or sera of CARMA3-deficient mice was significantly reduced compared to wild-type mice, while more type I IFN was induced in CARMA3 KO mice, indicating that CARMA3 plays a negative role in regulating antiviral responses in the host, but it plays a positive role in regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viral infection (Figure 4) (15).