In sepsis cases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the immune system through signaling via the MD2–toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex to initiate the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) responsible for hyper-inflammation5,6. Here, TNF is linked to Sepsis.