Moreover, elevated levels of IFN-γ in HIV-TB co-infection with significant raise in IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio have been known to alter the impact of IL-10 inhibitory function in HIV infection, thus leading to a shift towards a more dominant pro-inflammatory reaction (Th1), potentially resulting from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pathogenesis21. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is tuberculosis.