VEGFA and cancer: These features include expression of bone turnover markers osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MCP-1), alterations in neovascularization markers alpha-SMA and VEGF, and increased expression of markers associated with extracellular matrix remodeling (collagen type I and MMP3), which are correlated with estrogen receptor status of the cancer cell variant CM treatment (Fig. 2a–d).