KCNJ10 and epilepsy: In addition, astrocytic Kir4.1 expression was known to be reduced (down-regulated) in some brain regions (e.g., hippocampus and amygdala) in rodent epilepsy models [13,14], and in seizure focus specimens from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients [15,16,17], suggesting that the reduced activity of the Kir4.1 channels evokes seizures.