CXCL12 and neoplasm: The translational relevance of the preclinical data generated with NOX-A12 described earlier [83] is supported by clinical correlative studies showing that elevated expression of CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, is associated with higher tumor grade and invasion as well as decreased apoptosis in glioblastoma [140,141].