TNF and myelofibrosis: Significantly increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, have been observed in patients with myelofibrosis; cIAP protein, including XIAP, expression is increased in CD34+ myelofibrosis cells and cIAP/TNF-α-induced NF-kB activation is stronger in myelofibrosis compared to normal CD34+ cells [316].