TNF and monocytic leukemia: Other studies have shown that AML blasts secrete TNF-α and other inflammatory cytokines: particularly, M3, M4 and M5 (promyelocytic, myelomonocytic and monocytic leukemias) AMLs secrete TNF-α [312], with preferential secretion by cells with an immature phenotype corresponding to leukemia stem/progenitor cells, while more mature leukemic cells preferentially secrete Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) [313].