ERN1 and lung carcinoma: In the NCI H460 human lung cancer cell line, BDMC significantly induced apoptotic death as indicated by activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and increased ROS levels and Ca2+ production, together with increased ER stress associated proteins such as BiP, CHOP, IRE1(-α and -β), ATF6 (-α and -β), and caspase-4 [63].