TGFB1 and neoplasm: Recent studies have shown that T cell-dendritic cell (DC) crosstalk is required for antibody therapy with PD-1, and DCs may play a more important role in mediating PD-L1-PD-1 signaling.[28] On the other hand, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway may also affect treatment with PD-L1, and research has shown that TGF-β attenuates the tumor response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to the exclusion of T cells.[29] As TGF-β is mostly secreted by fibroblasts, this may suggest that fibroblasts are associated with the PD-L1-PD-1 axis.