PAPPA and atherosclerosis: 2007; Conover et al. 2010, 2013). These effects occurred in both male and female PAPP‐A knock‐out mice. We can also inhibit the ability of PAPP‐A to cleave IGFBP‐4 in vitro and in vivo with a novel immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody generated against a unique exosite in PAPP‐A (mAb‐PA 1/41) (Mikkelsen et al. 2008). Intraperitoneal injection of mAb‐PA 1/41 significantly inhibited atherosclerosis plaque progression in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice by 70% (Conover et al. 2016).