Hence, in addition to directly targeting CTL and cDC1 functions, combined immunotherapies should probably include means to counteract the tumor immunosuppressive pathways acting indirectly on these cells, such as inhibiting β-catenin, PGE2 or adenosine receptor signaling (55, 57, 93, 144), or depleting/reprogramming the tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes endowed with immunosuppressive functions including macrophages, MDSCs and pDCs (67, 145, 146). This evidence concerns the gene MPPE1 and neoplasm.