In cancer, elevated levels of fumarate increased succination of KEAP1, impairing its function, which induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and thereby activating antioxidant response element (ARE)-controlled genes to neutralize oxidative stress and to create an advantageous growth environment for cancer cells (Figure 6) (Ooi et al., 2011; Menegon et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and cancer.