FGF23 may instead contribute to cardiovascular disease in CKD by directly interacting with FGFR4 on cardiomyocytes to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy [162, 163] or with hepatocyte FGFRs to induce hypertension [164] which can lead to blood vessel calcification [165, 166]. Here, FGF23 is linked to chronic kidney disease.