Cranial malformations arise in a range of diseases that involve activation of FGF23 receptors, including osteoglophonic dysplasia (OGD) (FGFR1, [196]), Crouzon and Apert syndromes (FGFR2, [44]) and achondroplasia (FGFR3, [197]). This evidence concerns the gene FGFR3 and achondroplasia.