In fact, an association betweenactivation of IRS1 and development of cancer has been established (Vuori and Ruoslathi., 1994;Bergmann et al., 1996;Senthil et al., 2002;Hoang et al., 2004;Koda et al., 2005; Han et al., 2006; Ravikumar et al., 2007), andseveral pathogenic IRS1 mutations have been identified in lung adenocarcinoma andpancreatic cancer (Carvalheira etal., 2003; Ding etal., 2008; Jiao etal., 2011). The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is cancer.