INS and Insulin resistance: Most of the scales currently used to measure attitudes toward insulin injection have focused on assessing related negative attitudes or perceived barriers, which are collectively referred to as psychological insulin resistance and are specific to “insulin-naive” (no prior insulin use) patients with T2DM (Brod, Alolga, & Meneghini, 2014; Woudenberg, Lucas, Latour, & Scholte op Reimer, 2012).